Unit 8.1

Can eta Could: Gaitasun modalak

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Introduction

Aditz modala aditz laguntzaile (lagungarria) bat da, bakarrik esanahirik ez duena baina aditz nagusia eta haren esanahia aldatzen duena eta ekintzari buruzko detaile gehiago ematen ditu.

Could can aditzaren iragan forma da. Gaitasun edo baimena adierazteko aditz laguntzaile modalak dira {ikusi Can: Modals of Ability, A1 Level}.

Form

Can/could beti dauka forma berdina, hirugarren pertsona singularrerako eta guzti. Aditz modal moduan ere erabili daiteke eta hiru eratan erabili daiteke.

Affirmative

Baiezko forman, hurrengo egitura dauka:
Subject + could + verb + …

Subject could Verb
I/You could work
He/She/It could work
We/You/They could work

Negative

Ezezko forman, hurrengo egitura dauka:
Subject + could + not + verb + …

Subject could + not Verb
I/You could not work
He/She/It could not work
We/You/They could not work

Ezezko formaren forma laburtua hurrengoa da: can’t/couldn’t.

Interrogative

Galdera forman, hurrengo egitura dauka:
Could + subject + verb + …?

Could Subject Verb Question
Mark
Could I/you work …?
Could he/she/it work …?
Could we/you/they work …?

Example

Gaitasuna

  • I can cook very well.
  • I could cook very well when I wanted to (not always).

Gaitzezpena

  • How can you call the owner without telling me?
  • How could you call the owner without telling me?

Eskaintza formala

  • Can I make you dinner?
  • Could I make you dinner?

Eskaera formala

  • Can you pass me the milk from the fridge?
  • Could you pass me the milk from the fridge, please?

Aukera

  • She can rent this flat. She has a good job.
  • She could rent this flat if she finds a job.

Zentzumen prosezuak eta prosezu mentalak

  • The house was in a bad state. I can smell the moisture.
  • The house was in a bad state. I could smell the moisture.

Use

Could can aditzaren forma ez hain zuzena eta formala eta iragana da eta ia erabila bera dauka, baina iraganari erreferentzia egin ahal die. Gainera, gaitzezpena adierazteko ere erabili daiteke, eta zentzumen prosezuekin eta prosezu mentalekin. Could orainaldian erabili dezakegu era formalago batean hitz egiteko. Could hitzak hurrengoa adierazi dezake:

  • Gaitasunak;
  • Gaitzespenak;
  • Eskaintza formalak;
  • Eskaera formalak;
  • Aukerak;
  • Zentzumen prosezuak (smell, taste, see, hear, touch…) eta prozesu mentalak (think, believe, remember, understand…).

Summary

Can eta could aditz modalak gaitasuna, eskaintza, eskera formalak eta aukera adierazteko erabiltzen dira. Could gaitzespena, zentzumenak eta prozesu mentalak adierazteko ere erabiltzen da, eta can aditzaren iragan forma da:

Era ezberdinetan erabili daiteke:

  • Baiezkoa: Subjektuarekin hasten gara eta could eta aditza ondoren.
  • Ezezkoa: Subjektuarekin hasten gara eta could not eta aditza ondoren.
  • Galdera: Could-ekin hasten gara gehi subjektua eta aditza ondoren (esaldia galdera marka batekin amaitzen da).

Adibidez:
— Baiezkoa: “Moving could be stressful.“ / “Moving can be stressful.“ = Could mugitzea estresgarria dela adierazteko erabiltzen da eta can gehienetan estresgarria dela adierazteko.
— Ezezkoa: “We couldn’t share a flat!“ / “We can’t share a flat!“ = Could ukatzea adierazteko eta can ezintasuna adierazteko.
— Galdera: “Could I use the microwave?“ / “Can I use the microwave?“ = Could zerbait era formalago batean galdetzeko erabiltzen da.

OHARRA: Ez dugu could erabiltzen baimena eman edo ukatzeko.
—  “Could I leave early today?” – “Yes, you can”; “No, you can’t.“ / “Yes, you could”; “No, you couldn’t.“

Berrikusi dezagun {Form} atalaren edukia. Begira ezazu erabilera {Examples} atalean testuinguru batean nola erabiltzen den ikusteko.

Related

For better understanding about Could, at A1 level, you can see Can.

In English, there are different uses of other model verbs:

– Should: express obligation and duty through advice;

– Must: express certainty, strong obligation come from personal opinion;

– Ought to: not be as strong as must;

– Have to: express certainty, strong obligation come from outside;

– May: express the possibility;

– Would: express willingness in the past.

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